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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Antigen-presenting cells orchestrate mixed inflammatory endotypes in atopic dermatitis.

Shan Wang1, Jiahao Huang1, Fangping He1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|August 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how skin antigen-presenting cells drive atopic dermatitis (AD) inflammation. Understanding these pathways offers new strategies for combination therapies targeting mixed immune responses in AD.

Keywords:
Atopic dermatitisDendritic cellsImmune endotypesLangerhans cellsSTING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with complex immune system involvement.
  • Current biologic therapies for moderate-to-severe AD show efficacy but face challenges due to AD's diverse inflammatory profiles.
  • Suboptimal responses to single-target biologics highlight the need to understand AD's upstream inflammatory drivers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of three skin antigen-presenting cell (APC) types in initiating distinct immune responses within AD pathogenesis.
  • To elucidate the upstream mechanisms driving the mixed immune endotypes observed in atopic dermatitis.
  • To identify potential targets for combination therapies in AD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized animal models of atopic dermatitis.
  • Employed genetically deficient mice to dissect specific cellular and pathway functions.
  • Analyzed the contributions of epidermal Langerhans cells, Nlrp3 inflammasome-activated macrophages, and STING pathway-activated dendritic cells.

Main Results:

  • Epidermal Langerhans cells were found to recognize allergens, promote Th2 inflammation, and drive IgE production.
  • Nlrp3 activation in macrophages, influenced by skin microbiota, was linked to Th17 inflammation and IgG1 production.
  • The STING pathway in dendritic cells was shown to amplify overall inflammation across mixed AD immune endotypes, affecting IgG1 and IgG2a production.

Conclusions:

  • This study comprehensively analyzes key APCs and regulatory pathways upstream of AD-associated immune endotypes.
  • Findings provide critical insights into controlling the mixed inflammatory processes in atopic dermatitis.
  • The research suggests strategic directions for developing novel combination therapies targeting multiple inflammatory pathways in AD.