Progress on small non-coding RNAs in male reproductive development and intergenerational inheritance

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are crucial in epigenetics, playing a significant regulatory role in the normal development and intergenerational inheritance of male reproduction. Research has shown that highly expressed sncRNAs, including miRNAs, piRNAs, and tsRNAs, are vital in maintaining male germ cell development and spermatogenesis. sncRNAs regulate gene expression, influence protein translation, and modify sperm epigenetics, contributing to male reproductive development at various stages. Abnormal expression of sncRNAs is closely linked to male infertility. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that environmental exposures affect sperm epigenetic modifications, often leading to phenotypic changes in future generations. In this review, we summarize the types and functions of sncRNAs in male germ cells and examine their role in intergenerational inheritance due to environmental factors. It aims to provide new insights into male reproductive health and potential targets for preventing and treating male infertility and related diseases.