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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Van der Waals Equation01:10

Van der Waals Equation

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The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
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Related Experiment Video

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Spin-orbit coupling in van der Waals materials for optical vortex generation.

Jaegang Jo1, Sujeong Byun2, Munseong Bae1

  • 1Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Light, Science & Applications
|August 17, 2025
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Summary

Researchers created optical vortex beams using van der Waals materials, offering a fabrication-less and ultra-compact alternative to nanostructure-based generators. This breakthrough enables new possibilities for integrated photonics and large-scale vortex beam generation.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Nanomaterials Science

Background:

  • Optical vortex beams are crucial for applications like optical manipulation and quantum photonics.
  • Existing vortex generators rely on complex nanofabrication, leading to high costs and low signal-to-noise ratios.
  • Spin-orbit coupling offers a nanostructure-free method for vortex beam generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the creation of optical vortex beams using van der Waals (vdW) materials.
  • To explore vdW materials as a fabrication-less and ultra-compact alternative for vortex beam generation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the high birefringence of vdW materials for optical vortex generation.
  • Employed an 8 µm-thick hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) crystal to create optical vortices with topological charges of ±2.
  • Generated an optical vortex beam in a 320 nm-thick MoS2 crystal.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated optical vortex beams using sub-wavelength thick vdW materials.
  • Achieved optical vortex generation with topological charges of ±2 in hBN.
  • Demonstrated a conversion efficiency of 0.09 for optical vortex beam generation in MoS2.

Conclusions:

  • vdW materials provide a viable pathway for creating fabrication-less and ultra-compact optical vortex generators.
  • This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional nanofabrication methods.
  • The findings open avenues for integrated photonics and scalable vortex generator arrays.