The Role of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Development of Atherosclerosis

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous compounds that interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. This effect is crucial for maintaining hormonal balance and regulating various physiological processes. Phthalates, parabens, and triclosan are EDCs found in many personal care products (make-up, shampoo, perfume, shaving foam, moisturizing cream, hair dyes, deodorant), plastics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and household cleaning products, and can be inhaled or absorbed by the body through inhalation or skin contact. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. While traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking, have been extensively studied, emerging evidence suggests that EDCs may also play a significant role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain how EDCs contribute to atherosclerosis. One mechanism involves the activation of nuclear receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and estrogen receptors (ERs), by EDCs. Activation of these receptors can lead to dysregulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which are key processes in atherosclerosis development. EDCs have been shown to disrupt endothelial function through various mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms are the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free oxygen radicals, and impaired nitric oxide (NO) production by EDCs. This literature review aims to explore the current understanding of the role of EDCs in atherosclerosis.