Research on UAV aerial imagery detection algorithm for Mining-Induced surface cracks based on improved YOLOv10

UAV-based aerial imagery plays a vital role in detecting surface cracks in mining-induced areas for geological disaster early warning and safe production. However, detection is challenged by small crack size, complex morphology, large scale variation, and uneven spatial distribution, further exacerbated by UAVs' limited onboard computational capacity. To tackle these issues, we introduce an efficient and lightweight small-target detection model, namely YOLO-LSN, which is built upon the optimized YOLO architecture.Firstly, we introduce a Lightweight Dynamic Alignment Detection Head (LDADH) for multi-scale feature fusion, precise alignment, and dynamic receptive field adjustment, optimizing crack feature extraction. Secondly, the Small Object Feature Enhancement Pyramid (SOFEP) enhances detail representation of small cracks in complex backgrounds.Furthermore, we propose a weighted combination strategy of Normalized Wasserstein Distance (NWD) and IoU loss, balancing sensitivity to zero-overlap instances and robustness against scale deviations, thereby improving localization accuracy and generalization capability. Experiments show a 12% mAP@0.5 improvement and 17% reduction in parameters on a self-built mining crack dataset, with further validation on VisDrone2019 (mAP@0.5: 0.422, + 11.6%), Validating its effectiveness for UAV-based small-object detection, the model offers an efficient, reliable solution for geological hazard warning and mining safety.