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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

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Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
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Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
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Unrenewable Cells00:50

Unrenewable Cells

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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
Photoreceptors
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages
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Cryosectioning and Immunostaining Mouse Inner Ear Tissue: From Embryonic to Adult Stages

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Mapping the Regenerative Pattern in the Human Tympanic Membrane.

Elnaz Sepehri1,2, Cecilia Engmér Berglin3, Yan Liu4

  • 1Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, elnaz.sepehri@ki.se.

Audiology & Neuro-Otology
|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study identified stem cells in all human tympanic membrane (TM) regions, revealing greater regenerative capacity near the malleus and annulus compared to the unattached portion of the pars tensa (UPT). These findings offer insights into TM healing.

Keywords:
HumanImmunohistochemistryProgenitorStem cellTympanic membrane

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chronic tympanic membrane (TM) perforations often fail to heal, with underlying cellular mechanisms poorly understood.
  • Limited large-scale studies exist on human TM regenerative potential.
  • Understanding TM stem cell localization is crucial for addressing non-healing perforations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map potential stem cells within the human TM.
  • To assess the regenerative capacity of TM keratinocytes across different TM regions (malleus, annulus, UPT) and anatomical levels.
  • To investigate the cellular basis for TM healing.

Main Methods:

  • Human TMs were harvested and stained using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for stem cell markers (α6 and β1 integrin, CK19, p63) and proliferation marker (Ki-67).
  • Semi-quantitative scoring by blinded observers assessed marker prevalence and intensity.
  • Inter-rater reliability was evaluated, and group differences were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Stem cell markers and Ki-67 were detected in all TM regions (malleus, annulus, UPT).
  • Higher prevalence of Ki-67 and p63 was observed in the annulus and malleus compared to the UPT.
  • Distinct regional differences in α6 and CK19 staining, and higher intensity in inferior anatomical levels were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Putative stem cells are present throughout the human TM.
  • The malleus and annulus exhibit a greater regenerative capacity than the UPT.
  • These findings establish a baseline for TM stem cell localization and diversity, informing future research on TM perforation healing.