Microplastics and nanoplastics in the ocular environment: Pathways, toxic effects, and future challenges

Micro- and Nanoplastics (MNPs) have emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their widespread distribution and potential toxicity. While extensive research has explored the impacts of MNPs on various human organs, the eye, a particularly vulnerable tissue, has been relatively neglected. This review systematically examines the potential pathways through which MNPs can enter the eye, their accumulation in ocular tissues, and their potential toxic effects. We discuss the mechanisms by which MNPs may disrupt ocular health, including their ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, promote apoptosis, and cause genotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Additionally, we highlight the importance of future research on the effects of MNPs on the visual system, addressing current limitations and suggesting potential research directions. By enhancing our understanding of the risks posed by MNPs to ocular health, we can develop effective strategies to protect human vision and safeguard public health.