Time to link camel genomics and traits by bridging the phenotypic gap

Area of Science:

• Camel genomics research focusing on genetic diversity, adaptation, and productivity traits in *Camelus dromedarius* and *Camelus bactrianus*.

Background:

• Camels are vital to arid regions, yet genomic discoveries lag in practical application due to data gaps.
• Limited high-density SNP arrays, variable linkage disequilibrium, and incomplete genome assemblies hinder variant identification and genomic selection (GS).

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review camel genomics, identify key genetic markers for various traits, and propose a roadmap for advancing GS.
• To emphasize the need for genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction modeling and advanced statistical approaches.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing camel genomic literature, focusing on genetic markers for growth, production, adaptation, and behavior.
• Analysis of challenges in translating genomic findings into practical breeding strategies.
• Proposal of a strategic roadmap including data standardization, infrastructure development, and international collaboration.

Main Results:

• Identified key genetic markers associated with growth, meat/milk production, coat color, performance, adaptation, cartilage, and behavior.
• Highlighted the critical need for high-density SNP arrays, improved genome assemblies, and standardized phenotypic data.
• Emphasized the importance of genotype-by-environment interactions and advanced statistical models.

Conclusions:

• Bridging the gap between genomic insights and practical applications requires improved data, infrastructure, and collaborative efforts.
• A strategic roadmap involving SNP array development, better genome assemblies, and connected populations is proposed.
• International collaboration is crucial for advancing camel genomics, precision breeding, and sustainable conservation efforts.