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Updated: May 12, 2026

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Environmental effects on inter-brain coupling: a systematic review.

Octavia Leahy1, Emily Kontaris2, Natalie Gunasekara1

  • 1Optics Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental factors like distance and noise significantly impact inter-brain coupling (IBC) during social interactions. This review highlights how these elements modulate neural synchrony, offering insights for social settings and well-being interventions.

Keywords:
EEGenvironmentfunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)hyperscanninginter-brain coupling (IBC)neuroimagingsocial neurosciencetwo-person neuroscience

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology
  • Environmental Psychology

Background:

  • Environmental factors critically influence social interactions.
  • Emerging evidence suggests environmental variables impact inter-brain coupling (IBC).
  • Hyperscanning studies offer a window into neural synchrony during social exchanges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review how environmental variables influence inter-brain coupling (IBC) during social interactions.
  • To provide an overview of experimental protocols used in hyperscanning research on environmental factors and IBC.
  • To identify opportunities and challenges in the study of environmental influences on IBC.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Databases searched: PubMed and Scopus.
  • Inclusion criteria: original research up to February 2025, using hyperscanning to observe IBC with manipulated environmental factors.

Main Results:

  • Inter-brain coupling (IBC) is significantly influenced by environmental factors.
  • Key factors include interpersonal distance, background noise, virtual reality, and music.
  • These environmental variables modulate neural synchrony in brain regions vital for social cognition.

Conclusions:

  • The field of environmental influences on IBC is emerging, with challenges in protocols and funding.
  • Environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping IBC during social interactions.
  • This research area holds potential for designing supportive social environments and interventions to enhance social cohesion and mental well-being.