Coronary Artery Anomalies in Review: Anomalous Origin, Aneurysms, and Fistulae

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Congenital Heart Disease
• Vascular Anomalies

Background:

• Coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) are uncommon congenital heart conditions with diverse origins and development.
• Clinical presentations vary widely, from sudden cardiac arrest in athletes to asymptomatic incidental findings.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of coronary artery anomalies.
• To discuss recent advancements in imaging, surgical planning, and risk stratification for CAAs.
• To highlight challenges in optimizing management and achieving consensus.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of coronary artery anomalies.
• Analysis of recent advances in diagnostic imaging modalities.
• Evaluation of current surgical planning and risk stratification approaches.

Main Results:

• CAAs present a broad anatomical spectrum with significant clinical variability.
• Individualized management is crucial, based on presentation, anatomy, and patient factors.
• Gaps in evidence and consensus hinder optimal risk stratification and decision-making.

Conclusions:

• Effective management of CAAs requires a personalized approach.
• Further research is needed to refine risk stratification tools and clinical decision support.
• Optimizing management strategies for CAAs remains an ongoing challenge.