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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Delivery mode impacts gut bacteriophage colonization during infancy.

Poorani Subramanian1, Hector N Romero-Soto2, David B Stern2

  • 1Poorani Subramanian. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.

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Delivery mode significantly impacts infant gut bacteriophages, altering their composition and function. Vaginal delivery promotes higher viral diversity and specific gene functions early in life, potentially influencing immune responses.

Keywords:
bacteriophagescesarean sectiondelivery modeinfantmicrobiomevaginal deliveryvirome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Cesarean section delivery alters infant gut bacteria and is linked to later inflammatory issues.
  • Gut bacteriophages influence the microbiome and host responses, but their colonization patterns by delivery mode are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of delivery mode on infant gut bacteriophage colonization from birth to 24 months.
  • To analyze changes in virome diversity, composition, and function based on delivery mode.

Main Methods:

  • Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of serial infant stool samples (birth to 24 months).
  • Analysis of viral sequences, focusing on bacteriophages, and their predicted hosts and functions.
  • Comparison of virome diversity and composition between vaginally delivered and Cesarean section infants.

Main Results:

  • Bacteriophages constituted 94% of identified viral DNA sequences.
  • Infants born vaginally showed increased virome alpha diversity at 2 months.
  • Delivery mode influenced bacteriophage composition, predicted hosts, and functional genes up to 24 months, with differences modulated by antibiotic use.

Conclusions:

  • Delivery mode establishes distinct bacteriophage colonization patterns in early life.
  • Differences in bacteriophage composition and function may contribute to delivery mode-associated inflammatory outcomes.
  • Future research should consider bacteriophages and transkingdom interactions in understanding delivery mode's long-term health effects.