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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

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The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Long-term Function of Adults With Arthrogryposis.

Shai Luria1,2, Doaa Qais1,2, Ido Volk1,2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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|August 18, 2025
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Adults with arthrogryposis have high quality of life despite significant physical limitations and pain. Spine surgery may improve upper-limb function, highlighting needs for better pain management and social rehabilitation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Orthopedics
  • Quality of Life Studies

Background:

  • Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) presents diverse functional abilities influenced by disease severity and treatment.
  • Understanding the relationship between physical impairments and long-term outcomes in adults with AMC is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and describe associations between physical impairments and long-term functional outcomes in adults with arthrogryposis.
  • To evaluate the quality of life and functional status of adult AMC patients.

Main Methods:

  • Interviewed 42 adult AMC patients treated between 1988 and 2019.
  • Assessed function and quality of life using PASIPD, Quick-DASH, and SF-36.
  • Employed Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests for statistical comparisons.

Main Results:

  • Adult AMC patients reported high education levels and quality of life, yet exhibited lower physical function and high rates of pain (back, hip, wrist).
  • Upper-limb involvement was prevalent (>83%), with symptoms correlating to both upper and lower extremity function.
  • Spine surgery was associated with improved upper-limb function.

Conclusions:

  • A discrepancy exists between high reported quality of life/education and limited physical/upper-extremity function in adults with AMC.
  • Pain management and social rehabilitation are key areas for improvement in this population.
  • Upper-extremity function is linked to both upper and lower extremity joint symptoms and may benefit from spine surgery.