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Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Yttrium Contenting Compositionally Complex Medium-Entropy Li-Garnet Electrolyte with Improved Ionic Conductivity.

Chang Li1, Nava Raj Giri1, Yan Chen2

  • 1Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel medium-entropy lithium-garnet electrolyte, achieving record ionic conductivity. This advanced material demonstrates stable cycling performance in lithium metal batteries, paving the way for improved energy storage solutions.

Keywords:
Li-garnetLi-ion conduction mechanismsY dopingcompositionally complex ceramicshigh/medium-entropy ceramicssolid-state electrolytes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • High-entropy materials offer tunable properties for advanced applications.
  • Lithium-garnet electrolytes are promising for solid-state batteries but require conductivity enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel medium-entropy lithium-garnet electrolyte with enhanced ionic conductivity.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the improved ionic transport.

Main Methods:

  • Compositional tuning using a medium/high-entropy design concept with specific dopants (Y, Nb, Ta, Hf).
  • Neutron powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement for structural analysis.
  • Density functional theory and Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations for ion transport investigation.
  • Fabrication and testing of lithium metal symmetric cells.

Main Results:

  • A record ionic conductivity of ~5.7 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm was achieved in Li₆.₆La₃ZrNb₀.₃Ta₀.₃Hf₀.₃Y₀.₁O₁₂.
  • Stable long-term cycling performance (0.1 mA/cm² for >200 h) in Li metal symmetric cells.
  • Structural analysis revealed competing conduction mechanisms and the critical role of Y content.
  • Computational simulations confirmed high Li-ion mobility and hopping transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The medium-entropy design strategy is effective for developing high-performance lithium-garnet electrolytes.
  • Appropriate Yttrium content is crucial for optimizing ionic conductivity through specific site occupancy and vacancy engineering.
  • The findings provide fundamental insights into ion transport mechanisms in garnets, guiding future electrolyte development for advanced batteries.