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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Engineered Crown-Ether-Functionalized Hydrogels Enable Selective Ammonium Extraction.

Meibo He1,2, Boyan Xu1,3, Tze Chiang Albert Ng1

  • 1National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Functionalized poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels with 15-crown-5 significantly improve ammonium recovery from wastewater. This method enhances selectivity against sodium and potassium ions, crucial for resource recovery strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Ammonium (NH4+) recovery is vital for transitioning from pollutant removal to resource recovery.
  • Capturing ammonium from wastewater is difficult due to competition from ions like potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance ammonium selectivity in poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogels by functionalizing them with 15-crown-5 (15C5).
  • To investigate the mechanisms behind enhanced ammonium binding and selectivity in the presence of competing cations.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of PAA hydrogels with 15-crown-5.
  • Cation selectivity testing of unmodified and modified hydrogels.
  • Mechanistic analysis of ammonium complexation and solvation effects.

Main Results:

  • Unmodified PAA hydrogels showed a cation preference of K+ > Na+ > NH4+.
  • PAA-g-15C5 hydrogels reversed the selectivity order to K+ > NH4+ > Na+, improving Na+ rejection.
  • Optimal NH4+ selectivity over Na+ (1.8) was achieved at intermediate cation concentrations (~1.8 mmol/L).
  • Selectivity was dependent on initial ion concentrations and contact time, influenced by 1:1 and 2:1 complexation.

Conclusions:

  • PAA-g-15C5 hydrogels offer a promising strategy for selective ammonium recovery from complex wastewater.
  • Mechanistic insights into complex formation and solvation aid in optimizing hydrogel performance for sustainable resource recovery.