Pullulan electrospun nanofibers; from food packaging to encapsulation and delivery of bioactive compounds

Pullulan (PUL) electrospun nanofibers (PENs) have emerged as a sustainable and versatile platform for innovative applications in food packaging and delivery of bioactive compounds. This review comprehensively explores the unique structural and functional properties of PUL, including its excellent film-forming ability, edibility, and compatibility with diverse biopolymers and active agents. Recent advancements in electrospinning techniques enable precise control over nanofiber morphology, facilitating the integration of polymer blends, plant extracts, nanoparticles, and probiotics to enhance mechanical strength, barrier properties, and bioactivity. PENs demonstrate remarkable potential in active/intelligent packaging systems, offering antimicrobial, antioxidant, and stimulus-responsive functionalities. Furthermore, their application in encapsulating hydrophobic nutrients, vitamins, and probiotics highlights their role in improving stability and controlled release. Despite progress, challenges such as scalability, cost, and long-term stability under real-world conditions remain. This work underscores the transformative potential of PENs in advancing eco-friendly packaging and functional food technologies while addressing critical gaps for industrial adoption.