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Optimizing phosphorus released in calcareous soil amended with bone char and bone ash using response surface

Yasser A El-Damarawy1, Eman M Saleh2, Omar M Ibrahim3

  • 1Soils and Water Use Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.

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|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bone ash (BA) and bone char (BC) significantly enhance phosphorus (P) availability in calcareous soils, especially when treated with acidified water (AW). These eco-friendly fertilizers offer a sustainable alternative to traditional phosphate sources.

Keywords:
Bone ashBone charCalcareous soilsCentral composite designIncubation timePhosphorus levelsSoil fertility

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Area of Science:

  • Soil Science
  • Agronomy
  • Environmental Chemistry

Background:

  • Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient for plant growth, but its availability in calcareous soils is often limited.
  • Bone ash (BA) and bone char (BC) are potential eco-friendly sources of P, but their release dynamics need optimization.
  • Understanding P release from alternative sources is crucial for sustainable agriculture and reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize phosphorus release from bone ash (BA) and bone char (BC) in calcareous soil compared to phosphate rock (PR) and single superphosphate (SSP).
  • To evaluate the effects of different phosphorus levels (PL) and incubation times on P availability and solubility.
  • To investigate the impact of distilled water (DW) and acidified water (AW) on P release and soil properties.

Main Methods:

  • Central composite design and desirability function for optimization.
  • Incubation experiment at 30°C with varying PL (1000-4000 mg P/kg) and incubation times (14-90 days).
  • Wetting and drying cycles using DW and AW, monitoring available-P, soluble-P, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and soil pH.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorus availability and solubility increased significantly with higher PL and longer incubation times.
  • Acidified water (AW) was more effective than distilled water (DW) in enhancing P release and related parameters while reducing soil pH.
  • Bone ash (BA) showed optimal performance for available and soluble P compared to bone char (BC) and phosphate rock (PR), especially with AW application.

Conclusions:

  • Acidified water (AW), simulating rhizosphere acidification, significantly optimizes P release from BA and BC in calcareous soils.
  • Bone ash (BA) and bone char (BC) act as effective, eco-friendly phosphate fertilizers, improving soil fertility and sustainability.
  • Further research is needed for large-scale agricultural applications of these findings.