Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

41.1K
Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
41.1K
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

5.5K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
5.5K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

23.3K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
23.3K
Determination01:51

Determination

19.1K
During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
19.1K
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

2.3K
Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
2.3K
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

1.9K
Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
1.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gene expression dynamics of human and mouse craniofacial development at the single-cell level.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Linking social support to Chinese kindergarten teachers' mental health: the mediating roles of emotional intelligence, emotional self-efficacy, and job burnout.

Psychology, health & medicine·2026
Same author

A longitudinal study on emotional burnout among a prospective cohort study of novice early childhood education teachers: change from entry to 24 months.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

How the teacher development ecosystem influences career success: the chain mediation role of school climate and job crafting.

Frontiers in psychology·2025
Same author

Biochemical biomarkers of knee osteoarthritis progression: Results from the FNIH biomarkers consortium progress OA study.

Osteoarthritis and cartilage open·2025
Same author

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers of Knee Osteoarthritis Progression.

ACR open rheumatology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure
06:14

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Published on: September 16, 2022

1.7K

FOXP genes regulate Purkinje cell diversity and cerebellar morphogenesis.

Nagham Khouri-Farah1, Qiuxia Guo1, Thomas A Perry1

  • 1Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.

Nature Neuroscience
|August 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered at least 11 Purkinje cell (PC) subtypes in embryonic mouse brains. These subtypes, defined by Foxp gene expression, are crucial for cerebellar development and patterning.

More Related Videos

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation
11:10

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Published on: July 6, 2022

2.3K
Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining
10:40

Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining

Published on: June 13, 2020

10.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure
06:14

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Published on: September 16, 2022

1.7K
Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation
11:10

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Published on: July 6, 2022

2.3K
Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining
10:40

Scalable Generation of Mature Cerebellar Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Characterization by Immunostaining

Published on: June 13, 2020

10.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Purkinje cells (PCs) are vital for motor control and learning.
  • The molecular basis of PC heterogeneity and its developmental role are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize molecularly distinct Purkinje cell subtypes in the embryonic cerebellum.
  • To investigate the role of Foxp transcription factors in PC diversification and cerebellar development.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile embryonic mouse cerebellar cells.
  • Spatial reconstruction to map PC subtype distribution.
  • Genetic manipulation (Foxp1/Foxp2 deletion) to assess functional impact.

Main Results:

  • Identified at least 11 distinct PC subtypes based on gene expression profiles.
  • Discovered that Foxp1, Foxp2, and Foxp4 combinatorially define PC subtype identity.
  • Demonstrated that Foxp1/Foxp2 deletion impairs PC diversification and cerebellar hemisphere formation.
  • Observed enrichment of Foxp1+ PCs in fetal human cerebellum, suggesting evolutionary significance.

Conclusions:

  • Early embryonic development involves significant diversification of Purkinje cells into distinct molecular subtypes.
  • Foxp1+ PCs are essential regulators of cerebellar hemispheric development and patterning.
  • The findings provide insights into the evolution of cerebellar circuitry.