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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Quantum stochastic thermodynamics in the mesoscopic-leads formulation.

Laetitia P Bettmann1, Michael J Kewming1, Gabriel T Landi2

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Summary

We developed a numerical method for analyzing quantum systems. This approach accurately measures charge, heat, and entropy production, even under strong coupling conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum thermodynamics
  • Quantum statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Open quantum systems require methods to analyze energy and entropy flow.
  • Current methods often limited to weak system-environment coupling or linear response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a numerical method for sampling charge, heat, and entropy production in open quantum systems.
  • To provide temporal and energy resolution beyond the linear-response regime.
  • To extend quantum stochastic thermodynamics to strong coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the mesoscopic-leads formulation to model macroscopic reservoirs.
  • Employing a Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad master equation for reservoir damping.
  • Accessing time-resolved full counting statistics via trajectory unraveling of the master equation for noninteracting fermionic systems.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the validity of integral fluctuation theorems for total, martingale, and uncertainty entropy production.
  • Investigated fluctuations of dissipated heat during finite-time information erasure.
  • Successfully extended continuous-time trajectory descriptions of quantum stochastic thermodynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed numerical method enables detailed analysis of thermodynamic quantities in strongly coupled open quantum systems.
  • The approach validates fundamental fluctuation theorems in a broader regime.
  • This work advances the understanding of quantum thermodynamics beyond weak coupling approximations.