Nanozymes in marine antifouling applications: a focus on haloperoxidase activity

Marine biofouling is the buildup of microorganisms, plants, and animals on underwater surfaces. It causes major economic and environmental problems. Traditional antifouling methods often use toxic chemicals. These chemicals harm the environment. Recently, nanozymes have become a promising solution. Nanozymes are nanomaterials that act like enzymes. They are stable, have adjustable activity, and are eco-friendly. Some nanozymes exhibit haloperoxidase (HPO) activity. These nanozymes can produce hypohalous acids (HOX), which help prevent fouling. This review covers recent progress in designing and synthesizing HPO-like nanozymes. It focuses on their use in marine antifouling, how they work, their effectiveness, and their environmental safety. The review also suggests future research directions and challenges. The goal is to advance sustainable antifouling technologies.