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Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
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Heat waves decrease fitness and alter maternal provisioning in natural populations of Mimulus guttatus.

Nicholas J Kooyers1, Mark A Genung1, Simon G Innes1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, 70503, LA, USA.

American Journal of Botany
|August 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Heat waves severely impact plant populations, reducing seed size and germination. The timing and severity of heat waves critically affect long-term survival and population viability.

Keywords:
Erythranthe guttataPhrymaceaecommon yellow monkeyflowerdemographygerminationglobal change biologylongitudinal studymaladaptationmaternal effectsphenologyplasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Climate Change Biology

Background:

  • Extreme heat waves are increasing globally.
  • Longitudinal studies on population demographics and fitness during heat waves are scarce.
  • Understanding organismal responses to extreme events is vital for population viability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the demographic and fitness consequences of heat waves in natural populations.
  • To assess how mortality, fecundity, seed provisioning, and offspring germination are affected by extreme heat events.
  • To determine if the timing and severity of heat waves influence population responses and long-term viability.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 12 populations of Mimulus guttatus over 5 years.
  • Monitored mortality, fecundity, seed provisioning, and offspring germination.
  • Analyzed data using structural equation models to link climatic factors with population responses.

Main Results:

  • Two heat waves (2019 and 2021) impacted populations, causing high mortality and reduced fecundity.
  • The 2021 heat dome significantly decreased seed size (34.5%) and germination (22.1%), unlike the 2019 heat wave.
  • Early-season maximum temperatures and late-season precipitation were linked to reduced fecundity and slower germination.

Conclusions:

  • Heat wave consequences depend on severity and timing within the growing season.
  • Offspring provisioning is reduced by heat waves, potentially amplifying long-term impacts.
  • Earlier growing seasons combined with delayed germination increase population extirpation risk.