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Related Concept Videos

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Building a robust backbone for Astragalus using a clade-specific target enrichment bait set.

Daniele Buono1, Gudrun Kadereit1,2, Aaron Liston3

  • 1Prinzessin Therese von Bayern-Lehrstuhl für Systematik, Biodiversität und Evolution der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.

American Journal of Botany
|August 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reconstructs the backbone phylogeny of the plant genus Astragalus (Fabaceae) using herbarium specimens. The analysis reinforces existing phylogenies and reveals insights into cytonuclear conflicts, suggesting reticulate evolution.

Keywords:
AstragalusFabaceaePapilionoideaecytonuclear discordancegene discordanceherbariummega‐genusphylogenytarget enrichment

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Area of Science:

  • Botany
  • Plant Systematics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is the largest genus of flowering plants, with over 3100 species and high diversification rates.
  • Despite existing taxonomic treatments, a comprehensive and well-resolved phylogeny for the genus is still lacking.
  • Understanding the evolutionary history of Astragalus is crucial for explaining its rapid diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct the backbone phylogeny of the Astragalus genus.
  • To investigate cytonuclear phylogenetic conflicts within Astragalus.
  • To provide a foundation for future studies on the diversification of Astragalus.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a custom bait set for target enrichment, capturing 819 loci in the Astragalean clade.
  • Selected 107 taxa representing major clades, with 80 newly sequenced from herbarium specimens up to 110 years old.
  • Retrieved targeted loci and off-target plastome sequences from all samples, including ancient herbarium material.

Main Results:

  • Reinforced the accepted backbone phylogeny of Astragalus with high support and novel details.
  • Provided insights into cytonuclear phylogenetic conflicts within the genus.
  • Identified evidence for potential reticulate evolution, explaining observed conflicts.

Conclusions:

  • This herbarium-based phylogeny is a significant advancement for understanding Astragalus evolution.
  • The findings lay the groundwork for investigating the drivers of Astragalus' rapid diversification.
  • This research has broad implications for understanding plant diversification in natural contexts.