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Related Concept Videos

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.2K
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
2.2K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.9K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.9K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

3.7K
Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
3.7K
Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence01:26

Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

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Fluorescence and phosphorescence are essential phenomena in fields like analytical chemistry, biological imaging, and materials science, where they detect molecular properties and visualize cellular structures. Understanding the variables that influence these luminescent behaviors is crucial for maximizing accuracy and efficiency in their applications. These variables can broadly be grouped into chemical structure, solvent properties, and external conditions, each playing a distinct role in...
591
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.4K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.4K
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

2.8K
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
2.8K

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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
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Aggregation-induced emission in synthetic macrocycle-based supramolecular systems.

Ao Liu1, Ying-Wei Yang1

  • 1College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China. ywyang@jlu.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|August 19, 2025
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Synthetic macrocycles enable aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials by overcoming quenching effects. This review focuses on macrocycle-directed assembly of AIE luminogens like tetraphenylethylene and triphenylamine for advanced functional materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Photophysics

Background:

  • Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) overcomes traditional aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) for luminescent materials.
  • Synthetic macrocycles offer preorganized structures for tunable supramolecular assemblies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in AIE-active supramolecular architectures constructed via macrocycle-directed assembly.
  • To focus on systems utilizing tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and triphenylamine (TPA) luminophores.
  • To explore supramolecular engineering strategies for regulating luminescence.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic discussion of macrocycle design and synthesis incorporating AIE luminophores.
  • Analysis of host-guest complexes with TPE or TPA guests.
  • Review of supramolecular engineering approaches for luminescence control.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of macrocycle-directed assembly for creating AIE-active supramolecular architectures.
  • Highlighting the role of TPE and TPA in these systems.
  • Identification of strategies to modulate luminescence through supramolecular interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Macrocycle-directed assembly is a powerful strategy for developing functional AIE materials.
  • Supramolecular engineering offers precise control over photophysical properties.
  • This review provides insights into designing smart, responsive luminescent materials.