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Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.6K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.6K
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

104
Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
104
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

4.0K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
4.0K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.0K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.0K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.5K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.5K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.2K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.2K

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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

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A sonochemical alternative for nitrate to ammonia production.

Nikhil George Mohan1, Kothandaraman Ramanujam1

  • 1Clean Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India. rkraman@iitm.ac.in.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|August 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new sonochemical method for ammonia synthesis from nitrate salts. This cost-effective technique uses a probe sonicator and a gallium oxyhydroxide catalyst for efficient ammonia production.

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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s
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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Sonochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Traditional ammonia synthesis methods are energy-intensive and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Nitrate contamination in water poses environmental challenges.
  • Developing sustainable and efficient ammonia production routes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel sonochemical method for ammonia synthesis from nitrate salts.
  • To investigate the efficacy of a cost-effective catalyst in this process.
  • To explore an atom-efficient pathway for ammonia production from contaminated water.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a probe sonicator for sonochemical reduction of alkali metal nitrate salts.
  • Employing gallium oxyhydroxide (GaO(OH)) as a cost-effective catalyst.
  • Quantifying ammonia (NH3) yield through analytical measurements.

Main Results:

  • Sonochemical reduction of nitrate salts successfully produced ammonia (NH3).
  • Gallium oxyhydroxide (GaO(OH)) significantly enhanced the reaction, boosting NH3 yield.
  • Achieved an ammonia yield of approximately 32 ± 11 μg h⁻¹.

Conclusions:

  • Sonochemistry offers a viable and sustainable alternative for ammonia synthesis.
  • The GaO(OH) catalyst demonstrates high efficiency in promoting sonochemical nitrate reduction.
  • This method presents a promising pathway for ammonia production from nitrate-containing water, addressing environmental concerns.