Deleterious Effects of Lead Acetate Intake on the Spermatogenic Process in Adult Wistar Rats

Lead is a widespread environmental pollutant that affects biological systems, particularly the male reproductive system. This study evaluated the effects of subchronic lead exposure on the testicular parenchyma of adult Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups: one control and four treated with increasing doses of lead acetate (16, 32, 64, and 128 mg/kg/day). Testicular tissues were analyzed using light and transmission electron microscopy, along with measurements of testicular lead concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT). Histopathological alterations included vacuolization, germ cell desquamation, apoptotic bodies, lipid droplets, and blood-testis barrier rupture. A dose-dependent reduction in seminiferous epithelium height and germ cell population was observed, along with an enlarged tubular lumen. These structural changes resulted in decreased sperm production and sperm reserves, particularly at higher lead doses. Additionally, lead exposure significantly reduced the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes, indicating oxidative stress. In conclusion, subchronic lead exposure disrupts testicular structure and function by inducing oxidative damage, leading to impaired spermatogenesis and fertility.