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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Deglutition

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The oral stage is the initial phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, occurring from birth to approximately 12 to 18 months. During this period, the infant's mouth serves as the primary source of pleasure, with actions such as sucking, chewing, biting, and drinking playing a crucial role in reducing tension. These activities are essential not only for nourishment but also for the infant's psychological and emotional satisfaction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Left thalamic deep brain stimulation for persistent developmental stuttering.

Christian A Kell1, Nils Warneke2, Verena Zentsch3

  • 1Cooperative Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60590, Germany.

Journal of Fluency Disorders
|August 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) offers a novel treatment for persistent developmental stuttering. This first-in-human study shows significant reductions in stuttering frequency and severity, improving quality of life.

Keywords:
DBSDysfluencyLeft ventral intermediate thalamic nucleusNeurosurgerySpeech productionVIM

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Persistent developmental stuttering is a prevalent speech disorder impacting quality of life.
  • Current therapies for stuttering often yield suboptimal results, necessitating innovative treatments.
  • Abnormalities in the cerebral speech network of individuals who stutter suggest potential for neuromodulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a novel therapeutic approach for severe stuttering.
  • To evaluate the impact of chronic electrical stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus on stuttering parameters.

Main Methods:

  • A single-subject, patient- and examiner-blinded study involving a 24-year-old male with severe childhood-onset stuttering.
  • Chronic left ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus electrical stimulation was administered over a two-year period.
  • Stuttering frequency (percent stuttered syllables), severity (SSI-4), and self-reported experience (OASES-A) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Postoperative average stuttering frequency decreased by 46%, with a maximal reduction of 62%.
  • Stuttering severity decreased by 29% on average, with a maximal reduction of 39%.
  • Patient self-assessment of stuttering improved by 38%, and stuttering frequency correlated negatively with DBS frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Deep brain stimulation demonstrates potential as a new treatment modality for severe stuttering.
  • The findings support further systematic investigation of DBS in a larger cohort of individuals with stuttering.
  • The observed effects suggest a slow modulatory influence of DBS on stuttering mechanisms.