New insights into the olfactory development disrupted by 4-tert-Octylphenol in offspring mice

4-tert-Octylphenol (4t-OP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical widely used in industrial products that exert neurotoxic effects, thus affecting hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function. However, its effect on the subventricular zone (SVZ), a crucial neurogenic niche, remains unclear. The present study demonstrated that maternal 4t-OP exposure significantly reduced neurogenesis in the dorsal SVZ, the primary source of dopaminergic periglomerular cells and superficial granule cells, in the olfactory bulb (OB) in mouse offspring. This reduction in neural progenitor populations led to decreased numbers of OB neurons, particularly tyrosine hydroxylase- and calretinin-positive cells, which play a key role in olfactory processing. These changes persisted in adulthood and were associated with olfactory dysfunction, including impaired odor detection and reduced social odor preference in behavioral tests. These findings indicate that 4t-OP exposure disrupts SVZ neurogenesis, leading to long-term sensory and behavioral deficits, highlighting its potential neurodevelopmental risks. Moreover, the observed impairment in olfactory function induced by 4t-OP exposure provides new insight into how endocrine-disrupting chemicals affect sensory organs.