From sting to STING: role of inflammation in wasp sting induced AKI - a narrative review

Multiple wasp stings that induce acute kidney injury (AKI) pose a significant threat to human health. This review focuses on the roles and mechanisms of inflammation in wasp sting-induced AKI. Relevant clinical studies, although limited in scope, have reported elevated levels of various inflammatory mediators in patients. These increased inflammatory mediators serve as indicators of inflammation and are potential predictors of wasp sting-induced AKI. However, clinical research is impeded by factors such as inconsistent patient baselines and lack of standardization for the use of wasp venom. To further explore the mechanisms, animal and cellular models have been developed to mimic the clinical manifestations. Basic studies have confirmed that inflammation plays a crucial role in such injuries. Importantly, mitochondrial DNA release and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling axis have been identified as key regulators of the inflammatory response in wasp sting-induced AKI. These studies on inflammation present potential targets for therapeutic interventions, and plasma exchange has been proven effective. Overall, this review provides in-depth insights into the mechanisms and basis of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of wasp sting-induced AKI pathogenesis.