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This study measured 5G radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) exposure in four European countries. All measured RF EMF levels, including 5G, were well within international safety guidelines.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Electromagnetics

Background:

  • Growing deployment of 5G technology necessitates understanding public exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF).
  • Previous research has established exposure limits, but real-world measurements, especially for newer 5G frequencies, are crucial for validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess real-world exposure levels to 5G RF EMF in diverse European settings.
  • To compare exposure in urban versus rural areas and under different line-of-sight conditions.
  • To evaluate 5G RF EMF exposure specifically in educational institutions.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted 146 spot measurements of RF EMF, including 5G at 3.6 GHz, across Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, and Poland in 2023.
  • Measurements were taken indoors and outdoors in public spaces and educational institutions, covering urban and rural environments.
  • Assessed cumulative and 5G-specific power density for both background (No UE) and worst-case (Max DL) scenarios.

Main Results:

  • The highest measured maximum cumulative incident power density (Smax) was 23.3 mW/m², well within ICNIRP guidelines.
  • The highest 5G-specific maximum power density (Smax,5G) was 10.4 mW/m², representing 3.2% of frequency-specific guidelines.
  • Rural areas showed significantly lower power density than urban areas; exposure decreased under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Measured 5G RF EMF exposure levels across four European countries are consistently below international safety limits.
  • Exposure levels are lower in rural compared to urban settings and decrease with NLOS conditions.
  • No significant difference in RF EMF exposure was observed in or around educational institutions compared to general public spaces.