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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects

Published on: February 12, 2021

Mechanical differences between standard arm and foot chest compressions: a randomised crossover study.

Damjan Slabe¹, Eva Dolenc Šparovec¹, Miha Fošnarič¹

¹Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Resuscitation Plus

|August 20, 2025

Summary

Foot chest compressions (FCCs) show lower quality metrics compared to standard two-handed chest compressions (HCCs), with reduced force and depth. While FCCs had lower maximal force, HCCs demonstrated better adherence to resuscitation guidelines.

Keywords:

Alternative methods Basic life support Force

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Area of Science:

Emergency Medicine
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Biomechanics

Background:

The standard method for cardiopulmonary resuscitation chest compressions (CCs) is two-handed chest compression (HCC).
The mechanical characteristics and quality of foot chest compressions (FCCs) remain under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the mechanical properties of FCCs and HCCs.
To identify differences in quality and potential safety concerns between FCCs and HCCs.

Main Methods:

A randomized crossover manikin study design was employed.
Outcomes included the time course of force magnitude and direction, and components of high-quality CCs.

Main Results:

FCCs exerted approximately 5% lower maximal force than HCCs, with a nearly twofold larger angle from the vertical.
FCCs resulted in lower mean CC depth and a slower compression rate compared to HCCs.
Significant differences were observed in the total number of compressions performed between FCCs and HCCs.

Conclusions:

The method of chest compression significantly influences applied force magnitude and angle.
FCCs were associated with significantly lower quality metrics compared to HCCs.
Despite differences, participants in both groups generally achieved CC parameters within or near recommended guideline ranges.