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VO: The Vaccine Ontology.

Jie Zheng1, Asiyah Yu Lin1, Anthony Huffman1

  • 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|August 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The Vaccine Ontology (VO) standardizes vaccine information for research and clinical use. This community-driven resource enhances data analysis and supports artificial intelligence in vaccine development.

Keywords:
FAIRSemantic WebVOVaccine Ontologyontologyvaccinationvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Ontology Engineering

Background:

  • Standardization of vaccine data is crucial for research and clinical applications.
  • Existing vaccine information is diverse and difficult to integrate across different types.
  • Computer-assisted reasoning requires structured and standardized vaccine representations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present the Vaccine Ontology (VO) as a standardized resource for vaccine information.
  • To model vaccines, their components, immune responses, and related studies.
  • To facilitate data integration and computer-assisted reasoning in vaccine research.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the community-based Vaccine Ontology (VO) since 2007.
  • Aligned VO with the Basic Formal Ontology and OBO Foundry principles.
  • Modeled vaccines, components, immune responses, and studies, including over 10,000 vaccines and mappings to external resources.

Main Results:

  • VO represents over 10,000 vaccines for human and animal health, targeting pathogens and cancers.
  • Provides mappings to external databases like RxNorm, CVX, FDA, and USDA.
  • Facilitates standardization in databases such as VIOLIN, ImmPort, and VAC.

Conclusions:

  • VO standardizes vaccine modeling and representation, supporting data integration and analysis.
  • Enhances experimental and clinical vaccine data analysis and literature mining.
  • Significantly supports vaccine artificial intelligence research in the Semantic Web era.