Tuning surface oxides on PdIn(111) alloys for selective CO₂ activation pathways at ambient pressure

Redox-mediated tuning of surface oxides on PdIn(111) alloys has been elucidated by atomic-scale AP-STM imaging and synchrotron-based AP-XPS. The segregation of Pd-In-O_x nanoclusters onto the topmost layer creates reactive interfacial oxide sites on Pd-In alloy surfaces, which modulate selective reaction pathways of catalytic CO₂ activation under gaseous CO₂ environments.