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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
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A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
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Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...
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Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative...
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Community-based interventions in mental health represent a paradigm shift from institution-centered care to treatments embedded within the fabric of local communities. By prioritizing inclusion and leveraging existing societal structures, this approach fosters a supportive environment conducive to addressing mental health challenges while promoting individual dignity and agency.
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A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
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How Do Participatory Citizenship Models Inform Co-production in Health Research? A Systematic Review.

Catharine Rose1, Lois Donnelly1, Jess Howdle1

  • 1Research Office, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK.

Health Expectations : an International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy
|August 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Participatory citizenship models enhance health research co-production by enabling diverse citizen involvement, valuing lived experience, and sharing power. This authentic engagement empowers communities and reduces health inequalities.

Keywords:
citizenshipco‐productionhealth inequalitiespatient and public participationpublic involvementsystematic reviewvalues

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Services Research
  • Community Engagement

Background:

  • Co-production in health research has grown significantly, aiming to involve citizens in policy and practice.
  • However, co-production can lack depth, limiting meaningful citizen participation.
  • Participatory citizenship models offer frameworks for citizen inclusion and societal belonging.

Conclusions:

  • Citizenship-informed co-production empowers local citizens to use their lived experience and knowledge to improve community health.
  • This approach is valuable for policymakers and practitioners aiming to reduce health inequalities.
  • Researchers are urged to adopt authentic co-production practices guided by the identified aspects.