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Bacteriophage resistance evolution in a honey bee pathogen.

Emma K Spencer1, Yva Eline2, Lauren Saucedo1

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Bacteriophage therapy shows promise for treating honey bee larvae infected with Paenibacillus larvae. While resistance can develop, it often impairs bacterial growth and virulence, suggesting bacteriophages are a viable treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Apiculture
  • Bacteriophage research

Background:

  • Honey bee larvae are vulnerable to Paenibacillus larvae, a pathogen causing significant colony damage.
  • Current antibiotic treatments face regulatory hurdles, global limitations, and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
  • Bacteriophage therapy is a promising alternative for controlling Paenibacillus larvae infections in bee colonies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of resistance in Paenibacillus larvae against bacteriophages.
  • To assess the impact of bacteriophage resistance on bacterial virulence and growth.
  • To evaluate the potential of bacteriophages as a sustainable treatment for bee diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing Paenibacillus larvae in the presence of various bacteriophages to select for resistant strains.
  • Genomic analysis of bacteriophage-resistant isolates to identify underlying mutations.
  • Assessing the virulence of resistant bacterial strains in honey bee larvae.
  • Investigating secondary mutations in bacteriophages that could overcome bacterial resistance.

Main Results:

  • Bacteriophage resistance evolved rapidly in Paenibacillus larvae cultures.
  • Resistance mutations were found in genes related to surface receptors, cellular functions, and lysogeny.
  • Resistant isolates exhibited reduced growth rates and significantly decreased virulence in bee larvae.
  • Evidence suggests bacteriophages can evolve to counteract bacterial resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteriophage resistance in Paenibacillus larvae is likely accompanied by fitness costs, such as reduced pathogenicity.
  • The potential for bacteriophages to evolve secondary mutations offers a mechanism to overcome bacterial resistance.
  • Bacteriophage therapy presents a viable and potentially self-limiting strategy for managing Paenibacillus larvae in honey bee colonies.