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Infective native aneurysms of the femoropopliteal arteries: A systematic review and pooled analysis
Nick Smet1, Xavier Bérard2, Oskar Ljungquist3
1Department of Vascular Surgery, Imelda Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium.
Objective:
Infective native aneurysms of the femoropopliteal arteries (INA-FPs) are rare and mostly reported in patients with a history of intravenous drug use (IVDUs). This study aimed to summarize all cases of INA-FPs presented in the literature, to describe patient characteristics, microbiology, treatments and outcomes, and compare IVDU with non-IVDU patients.
Methods:
A systematic search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was done for studies published between 1990 and July 2024. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines and articles were scrutinized regarding patient characteristics, anatomical segment, etiology, microbiology, treatment modalities, and outcomes.
Results:
Eighty-two studies comprising 368 patients with 382 INA-FPs were included. INA-FPs were located in the common femoral artery (CFA) in 305 cases (79.8%), the deep femoral artery in 4 (1.0%), the superficial femoral artery in 45 (11.8%), and the popliteal artery in 28 (7.3%). These INA-FPs developed in 299 IVDU (81.3%) and in 69 non-IVDU patients (18.7%). IVDU patients were younger (mean age 39 years vs 65 years; P < .001), more frequently had common femoral artery involvement (93.2% vs 23.3%; P < .001), and had lower 1-year mortality rates (2.9% vs 17.3%; P < .001). The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (39%). Details on multidisciplinary team management and antimicrobial therapy were missing. Ligation was the most performed treatment in IVDU patients (89.3%), whereas bypass was the most used in non-IVDUs (69.6%). In the entire cohort, bypass was associated with a five-fold increase in rebleeding risk compared with ligation (P < .001), and 50% were fatal. Ligation demonstrated a four-fold increased risk of claudication compared with bypass (24% vs 6%), but amputation rates were equal.
Conclusions:
INA-FPs are rarely reported, with significant differences in patient characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes between IVDU and non-IVDU patients. These findings underscore the need for tailored multidisciplinary team management that carefully balances the benefits of revascularization against the risks of fatal bleeding.
Insights
Infective native aneurysms of the femoropopliteal arteries (INA-FPs) are rare, primarily affecting intravenous drug users (IVDU). Management strategies must be tailored, balancing revascularization benefits against bleeding risks.
Area of Science:
- Vascular Surgery
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Infective native aneurysms of the femoropopliteal arteries (INA-FPs) are uncommon vascular conditions.
- They are predominantly observed in intravenous drug users (IVDU).
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and synthesize existing literature on INA-FPs.
- To characterize patient demographics, microbiological findings, treatment approaches, and outcomes.
- To compare outcomes between IVDU and non-IVDU patient groups.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Cochrane Library) from 1990 to July 2024.
- The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, meticulously analyzing data on patient characteristics, aneurysm location, etiology, microbiology, treatments, and outcomes.
- Eighty-two studies involving 368 patients and 382 INA-FPs were included in the analysis.
Main Results:
- INA-FPs most frequently involved the common femoral artery (79.8%).
- Intravenous drug users (IVDU) constituted the majority of cases (81.3%), presenting at a younger age with higher rates of common femoral artery involvement and lower mortality.
- Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. Ligation was preferred for IVDU, while bypass was more common for non-IVDU. Bypass was associated with increased rebleeding risk and fatality, whereas ligation increased claudication risk.
Conclusions:
- Significant disparities exist in patient profiles, surgical management, and outcomes between IVDU and non-IVDU patients with INA-FPs.
- The findings highlight the critical need for individualized, multidisciplinary management strategies.
- Careful consideration is required to balance the advantages of revascularization against the potential for life-threatening hemorrhage.
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