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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain
Published on: March 27, 2018
Lone pair expression in fluorinated two-dimensional hybrid perovskite enables multiaxial ferroelectricity and
Hao-Fei Ni1, Qi-Fang Zhou1, Jia-Qi Luo1
1Institute for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) with tunable octahedra are promising for flexible devices due to spontaneous-polarization-driven functionalities like ferroelectric memory, piezoelectric sensing and optical switches. However, achieving large spontaneous polarization and strong second harmonic generation (SHG) remains challenging for 2D HOIP ferroelectrics. Here, we report a 2D HOIP ferroelectric (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4 designed by molecular fluorination. Remarkably, (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4 exhibits large saturation polarization (>15 μC/cm2), high Curie temperature (401 K) and the strongest SHG intensity among 2D HOIP ferroelectrics (about 6.2 times of KH2PO4). These properties arise from the synergy of two mechanisms: the 4s2 lone pair on Ge2+ and the orientational ordering of 4,4-difluoropiperidinium cations. Moreover, (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4 features eight equivalent polarization directions (the maximum number among reported 2D HOIP ferroelectrics), enabling its composite (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4@thermoplastic polyurethane device to exhibit prominent piezoelectric sensing. Our work offers a reliable route to high-performance 2D hybrid ferroelectrics and highlights their potential in flexible devices.
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