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Organic Electrochemical Transistors Monolithically Integrated with Precise Micro-Dispensing Enable High-Performance

Roberto Granelli1, Virginia M Demartis1, Giulia Frusconi1

  • 1Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|August 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-performance organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and amplifiers were monolithically integrated on flexible substrates using micro-dispensing. This scalable method enables advanced bioelectronic circuits with record-breaking performance for real-time signal acquisition.

Keywords:
OECTOECT amplifiermicro‐dispensingorganic electrochemical transistors

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Area of Science:

  • Bioelectronics
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are crucial for bioelectronics but face integration challenges.
  • High-performance OECTs and their integration are limited, hindering widespread adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the monolithic integration of OECTs and OECT-based amplifiers on flexible substrates.
  • To demonstrate a scalable fabrication method for high-performance printed bioelectronic circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-resolution micro-dispensing for precise deposition of electronic materials.
  • Achieved micrometer-scale resolution and femtoliter-volume control for conductors, semiconductors, insulators, and electrolytes.
  • Fabricated OECTs and amplifier circuits entirely on flexible substrates.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a record intrinsic gain of 330 V/V for OECTs.
  • Developed fully printed amplifier circuits with a maximum voltage gain of 77.5.
  • Demonstrated a gain-bandwidth product of 1 MHz for printed OECT amplifiers, the highest reported.
  • Enabled real-time acquisition and amplification of electrooculography (EOG) signals with minimal distortion.

Conclusions:

  • Micro-dispensing is a scalable and reliable method for manufacturing high-performance printed bioelectronic circuits.
  • This work bridges the gap between low-cost fabrication and the performance needs of next-generation bioelectronics.
  • The developed technology facilitates the widespread adoption of advanced bioelectronic devices.