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Fixed-dose regimens are a common approach to administer drugs to achieve and maintain desired levels of the drug in the body. In this dosing strategy, a specific amount of medication is given at regular intervals, often multiple times a day, to ensure a consistent drug concentration in the bloodstream.
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Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
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Dosage Regimen Designs: Nomograms and Tabulations01:23

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Nomograms and tabulations are vital tools used by clinicians to design accurate and individualized dosage regimens. These instruments provide a straightforward method for adjusting dosages based on individual patient characteristics, including age, weight, and physiological condition. The foundation of a drug's nomogram is population pharmacokinetic data collected and analyzed using specific models. This data simplifies complex equations, presenting them diagrammatically or tabularly for easy...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing
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Cryomicroneedle Arrays for Biotherapeutics Delivery.

Chunli Yang1,2, Li Zhang1,3, Angxi Zhou1

  • 1Department of Biotherapy Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan Province 610041 China.

Small Science
|August 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cryomicroneedles (cryoMNs) offer a novel biotherapeutic delivery system using ice matrices to preserve biomolecules. These microneedles enhance drug efficacy and stability, addressing key challenges in biotherapy development.

Keywords:
biotherapeuticscryomicroneedlesdiseasesdrug deliverytreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Biotherapeutics require advanced delivery systems for improved efficacy and safety.
  • Traditional microneedles face challenges in preserving biotherapeutic bioactivity.
  • Cryomicroneedles (cryoMNs) emerge as a promising solution for biotherapeutic delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in cryomicroneedles for biotherapeutics delivery.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions in cryoMN development.
  • To highlight the potential of cryoMNs in regenerative medicine and vaccine platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing cryogenically molded ice matrices for biomolecule preservation.
  • Exploiting phase-transition thermodynamics for metabolic stasis and cryoimmobilization.
  • Developing ice-reinforced architectures for optimal mechanical and dissolution properties.

Main Results:

  • CryoMNs preserve biomolecular conformation and cellular viability through cryoimmobilization.
  • Ice-reinforced architectures balance penetration capacity and dissolution kinetics.
  • Preclinical studies show success in tissue engineering and thermostable vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • Cryomicroneedles represent a significant advancement in biotherapeutic delivery systems.
  • Further research in material interfaces, cold-chain optimization, and applications is crucial.
  • CryoMNs have the potential to advance precision medicine and global health equity.