Focusing plastic solutions up the waste hierarchy: Pathways for a more circular economy

Plastic pollution requires urgent global action, including continued Global Plastics Treaty negotiations. A systems change approach is essential, with growing momentum for a plastics circular economy that emphasizes recycling and bio-based plastics derived from vegetable and algae oils. Focusing on downstream solutions and alternative materials presents three challenges: (1) New materials introduce complexity that complicate waste sorting and management; (2) the potential implications of bio-based plastics not reducing overall demand on single-use packaging consumption; and (3) the lost art of repairing plastic and non-plastic products such as clothing, or electronic devices, which exacerbates waste generation. These challenges can be addressed by reducing plastic consumption; improving product design for better recyclability; incorporating reuse, refill, and redesign systems in current practices; and emphasizing regulatory changes that support a repair culture. Ultimately, we argue that a comprehensive approach is essential to mitigate plastic pollution effectively, requiring collaboration across sectors to drive systemic change.