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VORTEX (Variscite origin recognition technology X-ray based) Data. A European geoarchaeological green phosphate

Daniel Sánchez-Gómez1, José Ángel Garrido-Cordero2, José María Martínez-Blanes3

  • 1UNIARQ, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214, Lisbon, Portugal.

Data in Brief
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Summary

This study introduces a new data-driven framework using portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) and machine learning (ML) to trace the origin of archaeological artifacts. The method accurately identifies the geological source of green phosphate minerals, aiding in understanding prehistoric trade networks.

Keywords:
Iberian PeninsulaMachine learningPrehistoric exchange networksProvenance analysisRandom forestXRDp-XRF

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Area of Science:

  • Geoarchaeology
  • Archaeological Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Prehistoric mining of phosphate minerals in Iberia is well-documented.
  • Understanding the provenance of archaeological artifacts is crucial for reconstructing past social networks and trade routes.
  • Existing methods for artifact provenance can be destructive or lack precision.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a data-driven framework for determining the provenance of archaeological artifacts using elemental composition.
  • To integrate portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) analysis with machine learning (ML) for artifact sourcing.
  • To create a comprehensive dataset of green phosphate mineral compositions from Iberian deposits.

Main Methods:

  • Compositional analysis of 1778 geoarchaeological samples using portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF).
  • Mineralogical analysis of a subset of samples (N=249) using X-ray diffraction (XRD).
  • Development and application of a machine learning model trained on elemental composition data to predict artifact provenance.

Main Results:

  • A robust framework integrating p-XRF and ML was established for accurate artifact provenance determination.
  • Elemental composition data (atomic percentages of Al-Th) and mineralogical data were systematically collected and presented.
  • The model successfully traced the origin of 571 variscite beads from various archaeological sites.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework offers a non-destructive and accurate method for sourcing archaeological artifacts.
  • This dataset and methodology have significant potential for future research in artifact provenance and social network analysis.
  • The study provides valuable geochemical and mineralogical data for Iberian green phosphate deposits.