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Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

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A Galvanotaxis Assay for Analysis of Neural Precursor Cell Migration Kinetics in an Externally Applied Direct Current Electric Field

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Morphological variability may limit single-cell specificity to electric field stimulation.

Daniel Trotter^1,2, Aref Pariz^2,3, Axel Hutt⁴

¹Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience

|August 21, 2025

Summary

Non-invasive brain stimulation specificity is limited at the cellular level. Morphological variability in neurons blurs subtype-specific responses to electric fields, questioning precise neural circuit control.

Keywords:

computational modeling non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)single neuron model transcranial electric stimulation uniform electric field

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Last Updated: May 1, 2026

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Published on: October 13, 2012

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Published on: April 14, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Biology

Background:

Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques modulate neural excitability and behavior.
Understanding cellular-level specificity of these techniques remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the specificity of non-invasive brain stimulation at the individual neuron level.
To quantify the susceptibility of different neuronal compartments to uniform electric fields based on morphology.

Main Methods:

Utilized realistic pyramidal and parvalbumin neuron morphologies from the Allen Institute.
Developed metrics to quantify cellular morphology (e.g., branching, diameter, orientation).
Simulated responses of single-cell models to uniform electric fields.

Main Results:

No significant layer- or cell-type-specific responses were found based on physical traits alone.
Uniform electric fields modulated somatic, dendritic, and axonal compartments.
Observed subtype-specific responses were obscured by significant morphological variability.

Conclusions:

Neuronal morphology alone may not explain subtype-specific responses to electric field stimulation.
The precise control of specific neural circuit components by non-invasive techniques is questionable.
Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying stimulation specificity.