The future of robotic surgery in joint arthroplasty : Current platforms, emerging technologies and outlook for 2035

Robotic-assisted total joint arthroplasty shows clear evidence of improved component positioning across all applications with modest functional improvements at early to mid-term follow-up. The strongest economic value proposition exists for partial knee arthroplasty (PKA), with emerging evidence for total hip arthroplasty (THA) and complex primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Growing concerns about cybersecurity, data protection, and energy consumption must be addressed through systematic approaches and industrial standards. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality/mixed reality (AR/MR) and advanced sensing technologies promises further enhancements, with a projected evolution towards more autonomous capabilities by 2035, although significant challenges remain in cost barriers, evidence gaps and equitable access.