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Related Concept Videos

Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

19.9K
Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
69.0K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.2K
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

61.9K
To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
61.9K
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

9.8K
Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Orbital-Resolved Stepwise Single-Electron Capture Dynamics in a Single Fullerene.

Zezhou Yang1, Boyu Wang2, Xinmiao Xie1

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|August 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers precisely monitored single-electron capture by a single fullerene (C60) molecule. This study reveals distinct charge states and highlights the role of vibrations and electric fields in controlling electron behavior for molecular electronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Fullerenes (C60) possess unique cage-like structures and strong electron-accepting capabilities, leading to applications in organic electronics and photovoltaics.
  • Emerging applications in spintronics and quantum technologies highlight the need for precise control over electron behavior in C60.
  • Controlling the capture of multiple electrons by individual C60 molecules is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To accurately monitor the sequential single-electron capture process of a single C60 molecule.
  • To investigate the fundamental mechanisms governing multi-electron capture in C60.
  • To explore the potential of C60 in advanced electronic and quantum applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a single C60 molecule junction between graphene electrodes.
  • Real-time current measurements at cryogenic temperatures (2 K) to detect charge states.
  • Theoretical calculations to understand electron-vibration coupling and electric field effects.

Main Results:

  • Observed four distinct charge states (0, 1, 2, and 3 electrons captured) with specific Frontier orbitals.
  • Demonstrated that coupling between molecular vibrations and electrons facilitates multi-electron capture.
  • Showcased the electric field's critical role in precisely controlling electron capture dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Provided insights into the dynamic, stepwise electron capture process in single C60 molecules.
  • Confirmed the potential of C60-based materials for molecular electronics and quantum technologies.
  • Established a method for precise control over electron states in single-molecule devices.