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Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a phototrophic process that captures light energy to drive carbon fixation without producing molecular oxygen. Unlike oxygenic photosynthesis, which utilizes water as an electron donor and releases oxygen, anoxygenic phototrophs use alternative electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), elemental sulfur (S⁰), or thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). This process is carried out by diverse groups of bacteria, including purple bacteria, green...

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Red Light-Driven, Oxygen-Tolerant RAFT Polymerization Enabled by Methylene Blue.

Lucca Trachsel¹, Ivan O Levkovsky¹, Xiaolei Hu¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|August 21, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a simple, red light-driven polymerization method that works in air. It efficiently synthesizes well-defined polymers, including ultrahigh molecular weight polymers, without needing oxygen removal.

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Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Organic Synthesis
Materials Science

Background:

Photoinduced reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (photoRDRP) offers mild synthesis of well-defined polymers.
Oxygen inhibition is a significant challenge in photoRDRP, necessitating complex deoxygenation or oxygen scavenging.
Developing robust, oxygen-tolerant photoRDRP techniques is crucial for broader applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a fully oxygen-tolerant, red light-driven reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method.
To demonstrate the system's operational simplicity, robustness, and efficiency under ambient conditions.
To explore the synthesis of various polymer architectures, including ultrahigh molecular weight polymers.

Main Methods:

Utilized methylene blue (MB+) as a photosensitizer and triethanolamine (TEOA) as an electron donor for red light-driven photoRAFT.
Conducted polymerization in open-air vials without stirring, under various light conditions including direct sunlight.
Investigated the polymerization of hydrophilic (meth)acrylamide and (meth)acrylate monomers.

Main Results:

Achieved high monomer conversions (>90%) with excellent temporal control, predictable molecular weights, and low dispersities (Đ < 1.3).
Demonstrated compatibility with a wide range of hydrophilic monomers, including charged and zwitterionic species.
Successfully synthesized ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW, >1,000,000 g/mol) polymers under ambient, oxygen-tolerant conditions.

Conclusions:

The developed metal-free, red light-driven photoRAFT platform is a scalable, efficient, and biocompatible method for controlled polymer synthesis.
This oxygen-tolerant system simplifies polymerization procedures, eliminating the need for deoxygenation.
The methodology holds significant potential for applications in bioconjugation, functional coatings, and high-throughput screening.