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Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
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Single-Stage Versus 2-Stage Facial Reanimation With a Free Functional Muscle Flap: Protocol for a Systematic Review.

Oluwatobi Adegboye1, Muzammil Arif Din2, Jodika Gilworth3

  • 1Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom.

JMIR Research Protocols
|August 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review compares single-stage versus two-stage facial reanimation for facial paralysis. It aims to provide updated outcomes data for patients and clinicians, guiding future research and policy.

Keywords:
2-stage techniquefacial palsyfacial reanimationplastic surgerysingle-stage technique

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Facial Paralysis Treatment

Background:

  • Facial paralysis presents significant physical and psychosocial challenges.
  • Historically, two-stage facial reanimation was standard; single-stage techniques are increasingly utilized.
  • Limited comparative studies exist, with no prior systematic reviews on this topic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare outcomes of single-stage facial reanimation (free functional muscle flap) versus two-stage facial reanimation.
  • To explore differences in efficacy and patient outcomes between the two surgical approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review protocol adhering to PRISMA-P and NICE guidelines.
  • Comprehensive search across databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science), trial registers, and snowballing.
  • Data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and narrative synthesis with statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • The review formally commenced in February 2025, adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Results will be presented via narrative synthesis, tables, and figures.
  • The final systematic review is anticipated for publication in December 2025.

Conclusions:

  • This review will summarize outcomes of single-stage and two-stage facial reanimation techniques.
  • Findings will offer updated information for patients and clinicians.
  • The study may identify areas for future research and policy development in facial reanimation.