Modeling methods of different tumor organoids and their application in tumor drug resistance research

Tumor organoids were modeled in vitro to mimic in vivo culture conditions, allowing tumor-derived tissue cells or isolated and purified tumor stem cells to self-assemble into 3D preclinical models that are similar to tissues and organs in vivo. Compared with traditional models, tumor organoids not only resemble parental tumors in histology and genomics, capturing their heterogeneity and drug response, but also provide an efficient platform for long-term culture, maintaining genetic stability and enabling gene manipulation. Therefore, tumor organoids have unique advantages in cancer drug resistance research. The paper covers: (1) Modeling methods of epithelial and non-epithelial tumor organoids, with special emphasis on the modeling of drug-resistant organoids; (2) Their use in drug resistance research, split into i. Therapeutic exploration (drug testing and screening) and ii. Mechanism investigation (use drug-resistant organoids to study drug resistance), including methods and findings from various teams.