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Updated: Sep 10, 2025
Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
Published on: October 15, 2021
Prognostic Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Analysis of 601 Consecutive
Cosmin Cindea1,2, Vicentiu Saceleanu1,2, Victor Tudor1,2
1Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania.
Background:
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has the highest case fatality of all stroke types, yet recent epidemiological and outcome data from Central and Eastern Europe remain limited.
Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data for 601 consecutive adults with primary ICH admitted to Sibiu County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Romania (2017-2023). Demographics, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), CT-derived hematoma volume (ABC/2), anatomical site, intraventricular extension (IVH), treatment, comorbidities, and in-hospital death were reported with exact counts and percentages; no imputation was performed.
Results:
Mean age was 68.4 ± 12.9 years, and 59.7% were male. Mean hematoma volume was 30.4 mL, and 23.0% exceeded 30 mL. IVH occurred in 40.1% and doubled mortality (50.6% vs. 16.7%). Overall case fatality was 29.6% and climbed to 74.5% for brain-stem bleeds. Men, although younger than women (66.0 vs. 71.9 years), died more often (35.4% vs. 21.1%; risk ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.26-2.21). Systemic hazards amplified death risk: Oral anticoagulation, 44.2%; chronic alcohol misuse, 51.4%; thrombocytopenia, 41.0%; chronic kidney disease, 42.3%. Conservative management (74.9%) yielded 27.8% mortality overall and ≤15 for small-to-mid lobar or capsulo-lenticular bleeds; lobar surgery matched this (13.4%) only in large clots. Thalamic evacuation was futile (82.3% mortality), and cerebellar decompression performed late still carried 54.5% mortality versus 16.6% medically. Multivariable analysis confirmed that low GCS, IVH, large hematoma volume, thrombocytopenia, and chronic alcohol use independently predicted in-hospital mortality.
Limitations:
This retrospective study lacked post-discharge functional outcome data (e.g., mRS at 90 days).
Conclusions:
This study presents the largest Romanian single-center ICH cohort, establishing national benchmarks and underscoring modifiable risk factors. Early ICH lethality aligns with Western data but is amplified by exposures such as alcohol misuse, anticoagulation, thrombocytopenia, and CKD. Priorities include preventive strategies, timely surgical access, wider adoption of minimally invasive techniques, and development of a prospective regional registry.
