A Possible Association Between Rituximab and the Subsequent Development of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Case Report

Background and Clinical Significance: Hematologic malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), have been associated with the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Specifically, treatment with the immunomodulator rituximab, which is used in the backbone of DLBCL treatment, has increasingly been used in this patient population. Case Presentation: We present the case of a man in his 60s with DLBCL who presented to the hospital with the progressive weakness of the bilateral upper and lower extremities within 6 weeks of the completion of treatment including rituximab. The temporal relationship between the completion of rituximab and subsequent polyradiculoneuropathy, as well as a favorable response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), affirmed the diagnosis of treatment-induced GBS. Conclusions: The increased use of rituximab as part of a standard treatment regimen for hematologic malignancies demonstrates the need for an awareness of a possible association between rituximab and the subsequent paradoxical development of GBS, which will allow for expeditious evaluation for better patient outcomes.