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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Photoluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence01:23

Photoluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

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Photoluminescence is a process where a molecule absorbs light energy and re-emits it in the form of light. This phenomenon occurs when a substance absorbs photons, promoting its electrons to higher energy level excited states, followed by a relaxation process in which the electrons return to their original ground state energy levels and emit light. Photoluminescence is widely observed in various materials, including semiconductors, and organic and inorganic compounds.
A pair of electrons in a...
2.3K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.9K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

1.6K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
1.6K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

2.7K
All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch
09:33

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

Published on: February 7, 2022

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Organic Spin-State Photoswitches.

Takuma Miyamura1,2, Joël Schlecht1,2, Oliver Dumele1,2

  • 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Alberstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Organic photoswitches use light to reversibly change their spin states. These molecular systems show promise for quantum computing and molecular electronics.

Keywords:
ChromophoresDiradicalsMolecular magnetismPhotoswitchesSpin materials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Quantum Physics

Background:

  • Organic spin-state photoswitches are novel molecular systems.
  • They can reversibly modulate electronic spin states using light.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Provide a comprehensive overview of organic spin-state photoswitches.
  • Discuss their mechanisms, design, magnetic behavior, and characterization.
  • Highlight their potential applications in molecular electronics and quantum information science.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental mechanisms (photoconformational and photochemical switching).
  • Emphasis on structural design and magnetic properties.
  • Characterization methods including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV-vis spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Selected examples demonstrate control over spin-polarized states and magnetic interactions.
  • Photoswitches can switch between singlet and triplet spin states upon photoirradiation.
  • Light-induced diradical species are identified as potential molecular qubits.

Conclusions:

  • Organic photoswitches offer unique control over spin states.
  • Challenges include thermal stability and bistability under ambient conditions.
  • Integration with radicals/redox units and use as molecular qubits are key future directions.