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Adoptive T-cell therapy for virus-associated diseases.

Corey Smith1,2, Rajiv Khanna1,2

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Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|August 22, 2025
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Adoptive T-cell therapy offers a promising alternative to antiviral drugs for transplant recipients facing viral infections. This approach, using virus-specific T cells (VSTs), shows efficacy and potential for broader use in immunocompromised patients.

Keywords:
Epstein-Barr virusT-cell therapyadenovirusesadoptive transfercytomegalovirusimmunitypolyomavirus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplant Medicine
  • Virology

Background:

  • Viral infections pose significant risks for solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.
  • Conventional antiviral drugs have limitations including toxicity, cost, and drug resistance, often leading to treatment failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review historical foundations and recent advancements in adoptive T-cell therapies for virus-associated complications in transplant recipients.
  • To highlight the potential of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) as an alternative to antiviral drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cellular immune therapies for viral infections in transplant settings.
  • Discussion of novel technologies for generating multi-virus-specific T cells.
  • Exploration of immune monitoring tools for patient stratification.

Main Results:

  • Adoptive transfer of VSTs has demonstrated efficacy in controlling viral replication in HSCT and SOT recipients.
  • New technologies enable rapid generation of multi-virus-specific T cells from healthy donors, expanding treatment options.
  • Immune monitoring can identify high-risk patients for targeted interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Adoptive T-cell therapy is a viable and potentially prophylactic strategy for managing viral infections in immunocompromised transplant patients.
  • This approach may offer an alternative to conventional antivirals, reducing adverse effects.
  • Advancements in VST generation and immune monitoring enhance the applicability and effectiveness of cellular therapies.