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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Insight into the Current Experimental Avian Skin Explant Methodologies

Author Spotlight: Insight into the Current Experimental Avian Skin Explant Methodologies

Published on: September 15, 2023

Embryonic Avian Skin Explant Cultures: A Versatile Model for Investigating Tissue Patterning Mechanisms.

Zhou Yu¹, Cheng Ming Chuong¹

¹Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology

|August 22, 2025

Summary

Avian skin explant cultures reveal how biochemical and biophysical cues guide embryonic tissue patterning. These methods, including recombination and reconstitution, illuminate feather and follicle development.

Keywords:

Methods and techniques for skin research Morphogenesis Regeneration Self-organization Stem cells Turing periodic patterning

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Isolation of Embryonic Tissues and Formation of Quail-Chicken Chimeric Organs Using The Thymus Example

Isolation of Embryonic Tissues and Formation of Quail-Chicken Chimeric Organs Using The Thymus Example

Published on: February 16, 2019

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Tissue Engineering
Bioengineering

Background:

Avian skin explant cultures are vital for studying embryonic tissue patterning.
This ex vivo system allows for precise manipulation and live imaging of developing skin.
Understanding pattern formation requires investigating biochemical and biophysical cues.

Purpose of the Study:

To review three major forms of avian embryonic skin explant culture.
To discuss their contributions to understanding skin appendage morphogenesis.
To highlight how these methods reveal the integration of various cues in pattern formation.

Main Methods:

Skin explant culture for direct visualization and molecular treatment.
Epithelial-mesenchymal recombination to dissect tissue interactions.
Skin reconstitution to study self-organization and pattern initiation.

Main Results:

Skin explant culture visualizes feather/scale formation and allows functional analysis.
Recombination reveals mesenchymal signals and epidermal competency in appendage identity.
Reconstitution demonstrates self-organization principles in periodic pattern initiation.

Conclusions:

Avian skin explant cultures are versatile platforms for studying tissue patterning.
These methods uncover the integration of molecular, mechanical, and bioelectrical cues.
They provide fundamental insights into embryonic skin development and morphogenesis.